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Normalization and blowup are different operations

Statement refuted

False claim: normalizing a curve and blowing up the ambient surface are the same operation.

The cuspidal cubic shows that the two operations have different finiteness and different domains of definition: the normalization is finite and changes only the curve, while a point blowup of the plane is proper but not finite and changes the whole surface; a single point blowup does normalize this particular cusp, but not every curve is normalized by a point blowup.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A field k of characteristic 0 (or different from 2), the plane Ak2, the cuspidal cubic C=V(y2−x3) with singular point the origin 0, its normalization ν ⁣:C~→C, and the blowup π ⁣:Bl⁡0A2→A2.

[A1]

Choice. The Axiom of Choice is assumed as inherited from the normalization and blowup constructions used by the cited items. (The Axiom of Choice).

[F1]

Normalization of a reduced curve is finite: Every reduced curve of finite type over k has a finite normalization morphism ν ⁣:C~→C, unique up to unique isomorphism over C.

[F2]

First blowup of the cusp y^2=x^3: Blowing up the origin of the cusp y2−x3, in the chart with y=xs the total transform is x2(s2−x), so the strict transform is the parabola s2=x, which is regular and meets E=(x=0) at the single point s=0; the other chart contributes no further intersection.

[F3]

Blowing up a rational point of a smooth surface: The blowup of a smooth surface at a k-rational point is smooth with exceptional curve Pk1; over an affine neighbourhood the blowup is the incidence subscheme V(xv−yu)⊆U×Pk1 with charts Spec⁡R[y/x] and Spec⁡R[x/y], an isomorphism away from the center.

[F4]

Finite morphisms of schemes: A finite morphism has finite fibres; a morphism whose fibre over a point is positive-dimensional is not finite.

[F5]

A proper quasi-finite morphism is finite: A proper quasi-finite morphism of schemes is finite.

[F6]

Normalization is unchanged under finite birational maps of reduced curves: A finite birational morphism of reduced curves induces an isomorphism of their normalizations.

[F7]

Birational morphisms of integral finite-type schemes: For integral finite-type schemes over k, birationality means that the generic point maps to the generic point and the induced function-field map is an isomorphism. An isomorphism over a nonempty dense open gives these properties.

[F8]

embedding dimension and regular local ring: A Noetherian local ring is regular when its embedding dimension dim⁡k(m/m2) equals its dimension.

[F9]

Finite-variable polynomial algebras over fields are integrally closed: A polynomial algebra over a field is integrally closed; its localizations are integrally closed as well, so Ak2 is normal and its normalization is the identity.

[F10]

Blowing up a point on a singular surface need not be smooth: For the curve y3−x5 the first chart of the point blowup is k[x,s]/(s3−x2), whose local ring at the origin is not regular, so that point blowup does not normalize the curve.

[F11]

Blowups of finite type ideals are locally H-projective, and proper and Strict transform of a closed subscheme: The blowup is proper over its base. The strict transform is a closed subscheme of the scheme-theoretic inverse image of the curve.

Counterexample

1.1A1F1F8

The normalization of C is Ak1: the map k[x,y]/(y2−x3)→k[t], x↦t2, y↦t3, is finite and birational (source and target have the same function field k(t), since y/x=t), and k[t] is regular, hence normal; by the uniqueness clause of [F1], C~≅Ak1 and ν is the normalization. The curve C itself is not regular at the origin: the local ring k[x,y](x,y)/(y2−x3) has dimension one while its cotangent space is two-dimensional, spanned by x and y because y2−x3∈m2; by [F8] it is not regular, so ν is not an isomorphism.

1.2F3F4F7F11

The blowup π is proper over Ak2 by [F11], and is an isomorphism away from the origin, a dense open, hence birational. It is not finite: its fiber over the origin is Pk1, positive-dimensional, whereas a finite morphism has finite fibers. This is relative properness; the blowup of the affine plane is not asserted proper over k.

2.1F2F5F6F9F11step 1.1step 1.2

The strict transform C′ is the normalization of C for this cusp: by [F2] the strict transform is the smooth parabola s2=x, regular and meeting E in one point, and the induced morphism C′→C is proper and quasi-finite: it is the composition of the closed immersion C′↪C×A2Bl⁡0A2 with the base change of the proper morphism π, and its fibers are singletons away from the origin and finite at the origin, hence finite by [F5], and birational; by [F6] it induces an isomorphism of normalizations C′≅C~ over C. Thus a single ambient point blowup does normalize this cusp, while [F9] shows that the normalization of the ambient plane is the identity and ν changes only the curve: the two operations act on different objects, and one is finite while the other is not.

3.1F10step 2.1∎

A point blowup need not normalize a curve: for y3−x5 the strict transform after blowing up the origin is still singular by [F10], so no point blowup of that center normalizes it; this completes the contrast between normalization and point blowups.

Depends on

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