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A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler data to vanish
Statement
Assume AC. Let be an -oriented numerable real vector bundle of rank in the Thom scope over a closed -oriented smooth -manifold. If admits a nowhere-zero smooth section, then the class-level vanishing in holds by A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish; on this page the following geometric consequences are added and proved. (i) For every smooth section disjoint from the zero section the zero locus is empty, so by bilinearity of the cap product. When this also gives ; evaluation on is only asserted in that degree. (ii) If is compact boundaryless embedded with and admits a nowhere-zero smooth section, then without orientation assumptions on or . If, in addition, and carry integral orientations and has their induced tangent-first orientation, then as well. Geometrically the normal field pushes off itself, so the transverse count vanishes. The converse is false: vanishing of the Euler data does not in general produce a nowhere-zero section.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The -oriented rank- bundle over the closed -oriented -manifold in the Thom scope and a nowhere-zero smooth section. For part (ii), a compact boundaryless embedded of half the ambient dimension and a nowhere-zero smooth normal section; integral orientations of both and are supplied only for the integral conclusion.
If an oriented bundle in the Thom scope admits a nowhere-zero section, then its Euler class vanishes: in , and no converse is asserted (A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish).
Cap product is bilinear on cohomology and homology, so the zero cohomology class caps to zero (Cap product boundary identity).
The self-intersection number is for a compact boundaryless integrally oriented in an integrally oriented boundaryless , with and the induced tangent-first normal orientation (The self-intersection number is the Euler number of the normal bundle).
Over the self-intersection is with no orientability hypothesis (The mod two self-intersection is the top Stiefel-Whitney evaluation).
The Euler class is the zero-section pullback of the absolute image of the normalized Thom class (Euler class by zero-section pullback of the Thom class).
Proof
Class level. The bundle and the nowhere-zero section meet precisely the positive-rank Thom hypotheses of [F1], so in .
Numerical consequences. A section disjoint from the zero section is vacuously transverse to it with empty zero locus, so step 1.1 and [F2] give , and when the Kronecker evaluation of the zero class is ; part (i) follows. For part (ii), scale the nowhere-zero smooth normal field by a positive constant into the tube (possible by compactness of ). Its section has , and the push-off is disjoint from ; By The self-intersection number of a complementary-dimensional oriented submanifold the disjoint transverse count is zero modulo two, so , in agreement with [F4]. Under the additional integral orientations of and , the induced normal orientation meets [F3], and the same empty signed count gives . The class-level assertion of step 1.1 uses the AT Euler construction [F5]. No converse is asserted: vanishing of the Euler data does not in general produce a nowhere-zero section, as the clutching witness below shows.
For the failure of the converse, take the oriented rank-three bundle clutched by quaternion conjugation ; The quaternion double cover generates the third homotopy group of SO(3) proves it is nontrivial. Its Euler class is zero because Homology of spheres and Topological universal coefficient short exact sequence for cohomology give (both the Hom and Ext inputs are zero). A nowhere-zero section would span a trivial line; a bundle metric and Short exact sequences of numerable vector bundles split would give with oriented of rank two. By Oriented clutching classifies oriented bundles over spheres, is clutched by a map . Sending a rotation matrix to its first column identifies with the circle. Since is simply connected by is simply connected for every , is a universal covering and Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces lift that map to , where straight-line contraction makes it nullhomotopic. Thus and then would be trivial, a contradiction. This retains the general failure of the converse without making an A-page theorem depend on a B-page example.
Depends on
- Oriented clutching classifies oriented bundles over spheres
- The quaternion double cover generates the third homotopy group of SO(3)
- Homology of spheres
- Topological universal coefficient short exact sequence for cohomology
- Short exact sequences of numerable vector bundles split
- $\mathbb R\to\mathbb R/\mathbb Z$ is a universal covering
- Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces
- $S^n$ is simply connected for every $n\ge2$
- Every smooth vector bundle admits a smooth bundle metric
- Cap product boundary identity
- A nowhere-zero section forces the Euler class to vanish
- The zero locus of a transverse section represents the Euler dual
- The self-intersection number is the Euler number of the normal bundle
- The mod two self-intersection is the top Stiefel-Whitney evaluation
- The self-intersection number of a complementary-dimensional oriented submanifold
- Euler class by zero-section pullback of the Thom class
- Gysin long exact sequence of an oriented sphere bundle
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
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Sources
- John W. Milnor and James D. Stasheff, Characteristic Classes (Princeton University Press, 1974; complete PDF) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Ralph L. Cohen, Bundles, Manifolds, and Homotopy (author draft bookR4) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Eleny-Nicoleta Ionel (notes by Andrew Lin), Stanford Math 215B Differential Topology, Winter 2023 (complete 63-page lecture notes) (standard reference, not scraped)