How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Strict and weak stationarity for integer-indexed time series
Definition
Let be a real-valued stochastic process on one probability space, so each is a real random variable and each finite tuple has its pushforward law (Stochastic processes and their finite-dimensional distributions, Random elements and real random variables, Law or distribution of a random element). We call a time series here because its index set is .
The process is strictly stationary when for every integer , every , and every shift , This condition concerns the full finite-dimensional laws and imposes no moment condition by itself.
The process is weakly stationary when for every , its mean is independent of , and for every the covariance is independent of . Expectation, variance, and covariance have the meanings in Expectation of a nonnegative or integrable random variable and Moments, variance, and covariance on a probability space. Strict stationarity alone therefore does not supply the moment hypotheses needed for covariance or sample-mean claims.
Depends on
Used by
- Durbin–Levinson forecast recursion Algorithm
- Ergodic time-series sample means converge almost surely and in L1 Corollary
- Plug-in long-run variance for a stable AR mean Corollary
- Pointwise resampling misses the long-run variance of an AR(1) mean Counterexample
- Autocovariance and sample autocovariance Definition
- Best linear forecast from a finite history Definition
- General finite-horizon state-space models by kernels Definition
- Linear processes, white noise, and ARMA models Definition
- Random fields, stationarity, covariance, and variograms Definition
- Spectral measures and the known-mean periodogram Definition
- A finite-history conditional mean can be nonlinear Example
- A singular history covariance can have nonunique coefficients Example
- A unit-root AR(1) has no weakly stationary solution with nonzero white noise Example
- An AR(1) covariance forecast and general-RHS Toeplitz solve Example
- An atomic sinusoid and an AR(1) process have different spectra Example
- One-step and multistep forecasts for a causal AR(1) Example
- Uncorrelated white noise need not be iid Example
- ARMA causality and invertibility root criteria Theorem
- Durbin–Levinson solves the successive prediction equations Theorem
- Existence and uniqueness of the finite-history predictor class Theorem
- Expected periodogram and smoothed spectral-density bias Theorem
- Finite-history forecast equations and error variance Theorem
- Herglotz spectral measure and the summable-covariance density Theorem
- Sample-mean variance and positive semidefinite sample ACVF Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
11 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Nicolai Meinshausen, Time Series Analysis: Notes for the course HS 2022, complete 57-page lecture notes (standard reference, not scraped)
- STAT 720 Time Series Analysis, South Carolina course notes by Wang, focused Sections 2.1–2.2 (standard reference, not scraped)