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Completing a restricted target with universal clique vertices
Statement
Let be a finite simple graph with vertices, and let have vertices. Let be a set of vertices disjoint from . Form the complete connection of and the complete graph on . It contains an ordinary copy of : an embedding fixes every vertex of and maps bijectively onto . This includes and .
Here a finite simple graph has a finite vertex set and edges that are two-element subsets of it. The induced graph has vertex set and precisely the edges of with both endpoints in . The complete graph on has every two-element subset of as an edge. The complete connection retains the edges of both graphs and adds every edge with one endpoint on each side. An ordinary embedding is an injective vertex map preserving edges; an ordinary copy is a subgraph isomorphic to , so extra edges between image vertices are allowed.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: , , , , and as in the statement. Write and for the stated complete connection.
Goal: Construct an ordinary embedding fixing and mapping bijectively onto .
A subset of a finite set is finite and has cardinality at most that of the set. The cardinality of a disjoint union of two finite sets is the sum of their cardinalities. Equal finite cardinalities give a bijection. See A subset of a finite set is finite, with | B| ≤ | A|, and equality holds if and only if B = A, The sum rule: a finite disjoint union is finite with | A ∪ B| = | A| + | B| and |⋃_i ∈ I Aᵢ| = ∑_i ∈ I| Aᵢ|, and a sum over a finite index set splits along a partition, The cardinality | A| of a finite set, and Injection, surjection, bijection.
For naturals , denotes the unique natural with . Existence is the definition of . For uniqueness, if , commutativity gives , and right cancellation gives . See Order on the natural numbers, Addition is commutative, and Addition is cancellative.
Induced edges, complete graphs and complete connections have the edge sets described in the statement. An injective edge-preserving map yields an ordinary copy on its image vertices. See A finite simple graph is a finite vertex set together with a set of two-element vertex subsets, Subgraphs, induced subgraphs and spanning subgraphs, Empty and complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and the convention that Pₙ and Cₙ have n vertices, The complete connection of two disjoint graphs, and Ordinary embeddings as injections preserving edges.
A function assigns each element of exactly one value in . See A function is a relation f with (a,b) ∈ f and (a,c) ∈ f implying b = c; f : A → B, the value f(a), domain and codomain.
Proof
The sets and are disjoint finite subsets of with union . Thus and . By the characterization of , . Choose a bijection . This also applies if either set is empty.
Define for and for . The two domains partition , so each vertex receives exactly one value in ; thus this defines a function . The two image sets and are disjoint. Since the identity on and are injective, is injective; it fixes and maps bijectively onto .
Let be an edge of . If both endpoints lie in , it is an edge of and hence of . If both lie in , their distinct images lie in and are adjacent in the complete graph on . If one lies in each part, their images are adjacent by the complete connection. Therefore preserves every edge of .
The map is consequently an ordinary embedding, and its image vertices and image edges form an ordinary copy of in . The construction and checks remain valid when or is empty, giving the two stated boundary cases.
Depends on
- Ordinary embeddings as injections preserving edges
- A finite simple graph is a finite vertex set together with a set of two-element vertex subsets
- Subgraphs, induced subgraphs and spanning subgraphs
- The complete connection of two disjoint graphs
- Empty and complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and the convention that Pₙ and Cₙ have n vertices
- The cardinality | A| of a finite set
- Injection, surjection, bijection
- A function is a relation f with (a,b) ∈ f and (a,c) ∈ f implying b = c; f : A → B, the value f(a), domain and codomain
- A subset of a finite set is finite, with | B| ≤ | A|, and equality holds if and only if B = A
- The sum rule: a finite disjoint union is finite with | A ∪ B| = | A| + | B| and |⋃_i ∈ I Aᵢ| = ∑_i ∈ I| Aᵢ|, and a sum over a finite index set splits along a partition
- Order on the natural numbers
- Addition is cancellative
- Addition is commutative
Used by · 1
Dependency tree · 2 levels
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