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The Ito integral process has a continuous martingale version
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice and the standing hypothesis (H) of Elementary predictable Brownian integrands. Let be a predictable process with for every finite . Then there is an adapted process with continuous paths such that almost surely for every Ito integral for square-integrable predictable processes, and is a square-integrable martingale relative to Continuous-time adapted processes and martingales: for every . Any two such continuous versions agree at every time on one measurable event of probability one; in particular the continuous version is unique in this common-full-measure-event sense, and it is the only continuous square-integrable martingale whose value at each deterministic is the integral class.
This conclusion is deliberately distinguished from the exact definition of indistinguishability in Process law, modification, and indistinguishability. On a noncomplete probability space the full equality set, although it contains the measurable probability-one event constructed below, need not itself be measurable. On a complete probability space the two notions coincide, because the complement of the equality set is then a measurable subset of a null set.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, the standing hypothesis (H), a finite-energy predictable with for all finite , and a horizon .
For every there is a bounded elementary predictable with . Density asserts existence, not an enumeration of all elementary integrands. Density of elementary predictable processes in predictable L2
For elementary the process is a continuous square-integrable martingale with for , and . Ito integral of an elementary predictable process Ito isometry for elementary integrands
Doob's maximal inequality: for a discrete martingale with , ; the sampled family is a discrete martingale for the filtration , by the tower property. Doob Lp maximal inequality Tower property of conditional expectation
If a sequence of nonnegative random variables increases pointwise, then ; the dyadic grids are nested with union a countable dense subset of , so . Monotone convergence for the integral
The rationals are dense in , and each rational is a limit of dyadic rationals ; a continuous function on therefore satisfies . The rationals embed densely in the reals
For every the class is the -limit of for every admissible elementary sequence , and ; the integration map is linear and isometric in the predictable variable. Ito integral for square-integrable predictable processes The general Ito integral is well defined Ito isometry and linearity in predictable L2
If in then , and conditional expectations are -contractive: . Cauchy-Schwarz for random variables Basic algebra and order properties of conditional expectation
AC supplies a selection from each nonempty set of elementary representations satisfying a prescribed error tolerance, simultaneously over countably many tolerances and integer horizons. The Axiom of Choice AC supplies countable selections and prescribed serial paths
Proof
Fix and choose, using [F8] on the nonempty sets supplied by [F1] with tolerance , bounded elementary predictable with ; write for the continuous elementary process of [F2].
For every elementary predictable and every , writing the path supremum as its measurable version on the scaled dyadic grid, : on the full-measure event where is continuous, [F5] identifies the supremum over with the supremum over the scaled dyadic grid, [F4] writes the latter as the increasing limit of the finite maxima over the nested grids , [F3] bounds for every , and monotone convergence passes the bound to the limit.
For each , is elementary on a common refinement and ; applying step 1.2 to gives for the measurable random variable , which equals the full supremum on the common event of continuity.
Consequently by monotone convergence for the nonnegative series [F4], so almost surely; the Cauchy--Schwarz inequality then gives almost surely, on a measurable event of probability one, intersected with the common continuity event of the elementary processes.
On the sequence converges uniformly on to a limit; put and define when is finite, and otherwise. This is real-valued and -measurable: is an extended-real measurable limit superior and its finite-value event belongs to . The resulting variable satisfies almost surely for every ; on the paths of are continuous, being uniform limits of continuous paths.
For every the sequence converges to in by [F6] applied to the truncations ; combined with step 4.1 and the almost-sure uniqueness of limits, almost surely for every .
For every , , using [F6] and the -norm continuity of the elementary integrals; hence is square-integrable.
For and , by [F2], and step 5.1 and [F7] give and in as well, so [F7] lets the conditional expectations pass to the limit: almost surely.
Steps 4.1, 5.1, 6.1 and 5.2 show that is an adapted continuous square-integrable martingale version on . If is another continuous version on , then almost surely for each rational ; intersecting the countably many measurable full-measure events and the two continuity events, and then invoking continuity, gives for every on one measurable event of probability one.
Apply the construction on the horizons , ; two versions on adjacent horizons agree on the smaller one by the uniqueness of step 7.1 applied there, since the restriction of the larger-horizon version is a continuous version on the smaller horizon. For put and define . This is well typed and -measurable. On the intersection of the countably many overlap-agreement and continuity events, it coincides at every time with the compatible local versions, so its path is continuous. At each deterministic time it is a version of ; hence the local martingale identities show that is a square-integrable martingale with . Uniqueness on one measurable full-measure event over follows from the same rationals-and-continuity argument. AC supplies the approximants of step 1.1 simultaneously for all integer horizons, and is also inherited through the declared ambient interfaces.
Source notes
Van der Vaart, Theorem 5.26(i)--(iii), proves the martingale and continuity conclusions using maximal estimates and an almost-sure uniformly convergent subsequence. Lawler, Proposition 3.2.4, gives a related summable-error uniform-convergence criterion for the integrands treated there. The proof here follows the summable-error route, which is why no almost-sure-subsequence theorem is needed: the weighted series is summable in expectation, and Cauchy--Schwarz converts it into almost-sure summability of the sup norms.
Depends on
- Ito integral for square-integrable predictable processes
- Ito isometry and linearity in predictable L2
- The general Ito integral is well defined
- Density of elementary predictable processes in predictable L2
- Ito isometry for elementary integrands
- Ito integral of an elementary predictable process
- Elementary predictable Brownian integrands
- Continuous-time adapted processes and martingales
- Process law, modification, and indistinguishability
- Doob Lp maximal inequality
- Monotone convergence for the integral
- Tower property of conditional expectation
- Basic algebra and order properties of conditional expectation
- Conditional expectation as an ae class
- Cauchy-Schwarz for random variables
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
- The Axiom of Choice
- AC supplies countable selections and prescribed serial paths
Used by
- Cadlag Brownian-filtration local martingales have continuous versions Corollary
- Square-integrable Brownian terminal variables have Ito representations Corollary
- The Brownian square martingale Corollary
- The exponential Brownian martingale Corollary
- The ordinary chain rule fails for Brownian motion Counterexample
- Harmonic functions of planar Brownian motion Example
- Integral of Brownian motion against itself Example
- Ito formula for Brownian powers Example
- Brownian-filtration martingale representation Theorem
- Doob maximal bound for the Ito integral Theorem
- Integration by parts for Brownian Ito processes Theorem
- Localized Ito integral Theorem
- Multidimensional Ito formula for Brownian-driven processes Theorem
- One-dimensional Ito formula Theorem
- Quadratic covariation of Brownian Ito processes Theorem
- Space-time harmonic functions yield Brownian local martingales up to exit lifetime Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Aad van der Vaart, Stochastic Integration and Differential Equations, Theorem 5.26 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Gregory F. Lawler, Stochastic Calculus: An Introduction with Applications, Proposition 3.2.4 (standard reference, not scraped)