Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-31
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The constant-rank theorem for manifolds

Statement

Let F:MmNn be smooth, let pM, and suppose F has constant rank r on a neighbourhood of p. Then there are smooth charts φ:URm at p and ψ:VRn at F(p) such that

ψFφ1(u,v)=(u,0)

for (u,v)Rr×Rmr near φ(p), with the zero in Rnr.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A smooth map F:MmNn, a point pM, and constant rank r near p.

[F1]

The rank of F at a point is the rank of its differential, and constant rank means that same rank at every point of the chosen set (The rank of a smooth map at a point, Immersions, submersions, and constant-rank maps).

[L1]

Differentials satisfy the chain rule (The chain rule for differentials of smooth maps).

[L2]

A nonzero rank minor supplies an explicit local source-coordinate map Φ that is a Ck diffeomorphism; the identity handles rank zero (A nonzero rank minor supplies the source coordinates for the constant-rank theorem).

[L3]

Chart maps are smooth diffeomorphisms onto open Euclidean sets (Chart maps are diffeomorphisms onto Euclidean open sets).

[L4]

A local inverse of a smooth Euclidean map with invertible differential is smooth (A local inverse of a Ck regular map is Ck).

[L5]

In the source rank coordinates y=Φ(x), after shrinking to a product neighbourhood the map has the form g(u,v)=(u,h(u)) (In source rank coordinates, the remaining components depend only on the rank coordinates).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Choose charts (U0,α) at p and (V0,β) at F(p) as in [L3], and let f:=βFα1. By [L3], the maps α1 and β are diffeomorphisms, so their differentials are linear isomorphisms. Therefore [L1] gives Df(α(x))=dβF(x)dFxd(α1)α(x) for every x near p, and the rank of Df(α(x)) equals the rank of dFx. Using [F1], after shrinking U0 the map f has constant rank r on an open Euclidean neighbourhood of α(p).

F1L1L3given
2.1

After permuting source and target coordinates, use [L2] to form the explicit source map Φ from the first r components of the smooth map f and the remaining source coordinates. Thus Φ is smooth. Its local inverse is unique and is Ck for every finite k by [L4], hence is smooth. Put g:=fΦ1. By [L5], after shrinking to a product neighbourhood, g(u,v)=(u,h(u)); here h is smooth because g is smooth. The target shear β~(z,w):=(z,wh(z)) and its explicit inverse (z,w)(z,w+h(z)) are smooth. Therefore β~fΦ1(u,v)=(u,0) near the distinguished point.

step 1.1L2L4L5construct
3.1

Compose the original source chart with Φ and the target chart with the shear: φ:=Φα and ψ:=β~β. By [L3] these are smooth charts, and their coordinate representative for F is the normal form from step 2.1.

step 2.1L3construct
4.1

Therefore F has the claimed local slice form around p. When r=0 or r=min{m,n}, the empty blocks in the displayed formula are interpreted in the usual way.

step 3.1

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources