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A linear endomorphism of sends bounded Jordan sets to bounded Jordan sets and scales their content by the absolute determinant
Statement
Let and let be linear, with standard matrix . For every bounded Jordan set , the image is a bounded Jordan set and In particular, a singular linear image has content zero.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A linear endomorphism with matrix and a bounded Jordan set .
For every and , the matrix is invertible if and only if (A finite square real matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is nonzero); every invertible is a finite product of elementary matrices, with the identity represented by the empty product (Every invertible finite square real matrix is a finite product of elementary matrices).
For and over a commutative ring, interchanging two rows changes to , multiplying one row by changes it to , and adding times one row to a distinct row leaves it equal to (For every square matrix, including singular ones, a row swap negates the determinant, scaling a row by any scalar scales it, and row addition leaves it unchanged).
Cavalieri identifies content with the integral of sectional contents (Cavalieri: Jordan content is the integral of sectional contents, and equal sections give equal content).
Lipschitz self-maps of Euclidean space preserve null sets (A Lipschitz map sends null sets to null sets), and a bounded set is Jordan measurable exactly when its boundary is null (A bounded set in is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero).
Every Euclidean linear map is bounded and continuous (Every Euclidean linear map has a unique matrix and satisfies for some ).
Every finite matrix over a field is row equivalent, by Gaussian elimination, to a matrix in row echelon form (Gaussian elimination reduces every finite matrix over a field to row echelon form). For , the matrix is invertible if and only if it has a pivot in every row and every column (Invertible matrix theorem: invertibility, full pivot rank, RREF , trivial nullspace and unique solvability are equivalent).
If elementary row operations transform into , and are their elementary matrices in execution order, then ; for the empty product is the identity and (A finite row reduction from to is encoded by ). Every elementary matrix is invertible, with inverse the elementary matrix of the inverse row operation (Every elementary matrix is invertible, with inverse given by the reverse elementary operation).
Jordan inner and outer content approximate a Jordan set by finite rectangular figures (Jordan inner and outer content and Jordan measurable bounded sets in ).
Proof
Suppose first that is invertible. For every elementary matrix , both and are Lipschitz by [L5], so for every bounded set . Thus [L4] makes Jordan whenever is Jordan. Coordinate permutations and nonzero coordinate scalings send rectangular figures to rectangular figures, with content factor and respectively; applying this to arbitrarily close inner and outer figures from [L8] proves those factors for every bounded Jordan . For a shear adding times one coordinate to another, take rectangular figures from [L8] with arbitrarily small. Sections of a rectangular figure parallel to the changed coordinate are finite unions of intervals, hence Jordan at every parameter, and the corresponding sections of and are their translates by a quantity depending only on the fixed coordinates, so they are finite unions of intervals of the same total length. Both hypotheses of [L3] are therefore met by but are not claimed for , whose sections need not be Jordan; [L3] gives and . Since and is already known Jordan, its content and that of are both squeezed between and , so a shear preserves content. These are exactly the absolute determinant factors listed by [L2].
By [L1], write as a finite product of elementary matrices. Apply step 1.1 successively to : every intermediate image is bounded Jordan, and its content is multiplied by the corresponding absolute determinant factor. The row-operation laws [L2], applied successively from the identity, identify the product of those factors with . Boundedness follows from [L5].
If is singular, [L6] reduces it to an echelon matrix with a zero row; [L7] realizes this as an invertible change of codomain coordinates. The transformed range lies in a coordinate hyperplane, whose bounded part fits in slabs of arbitrarily small thickness and therefore has content zero and is Jordan. Applying the invertible case to undo the coordinate change shows that has content zero and is Jordan; the real criterion in [L1] gives , so the same formula holds.
Depends on
- For $n\ge1$, the determinant over a commutative ring by the Leibniz formula, and $|\det A|$ for a real matrix
- A finite square real matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is nonzero
- For every square matrix, including singular ones, a row swap negates the determinant, scaling a row by any scalar scales it, and row addition leaves it unchanged
- Every invertible finite square real matrix is a finite product of elementary matrices
- Gaussian elimination reduces every finite matrix over a field to row echelon form
- Invertible matrix theorem: invertibility, full pivot rank, RREF $I$, trivial nullspace and unique solvability are equivalent
- A finite row reduction from $A$ to $B$ is encoded by $B=E_r\cdots E_1A$
- Every elementary matrix is invertible, with inverse given by the reverse elementary operation
- Every Euclidean linear map has a unique matrix and satisfies $\|Lh\|_2\le K\|h\|_2$ for some $K\ge0$
- Jordan inner and outer content and Jordan measurable bounded sets in $\mathbb{R}^m$
- A bounded set in $\mathbb{R}^m$ is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero
- A Lipschitz map $\mathbb{R}^m\to\mathbb{R}^m$ sends null sets to null sets
- Cavalieri: Jordan content is the integral of sectional contents, and equal sections give equal content
Used by
- The Jordan content of the parallelepiped spanned by the columns of a square real matrix is the absolute value of its determinant Corollary
- A coordinate shear preserves Jordan content by translating every section Example
- On a small cube, a C¹ diffeomorphism distorts Jordan content by factors arbitrarily close to its linearized absolute determinant Lemma
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Sources
- A. Leibman, Multidimensional Real Analysis, Lemmas 5.5.2--5.5.4 (standard reference, not scraped)