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A linear endomorphism of Rn\mathbb R^n sends bounded Jordan sets to bounded Jordan sets and scales their content by the absolute determinant

Statement

Let n1n\ge1 and let T:RnRnT:\mathbb R^n\to\mathbb R^n be linear, with standard matrix AA. For every bounded Jordan set EE, the image T(E)T(E) is a bounded Jordan set and cont(T(E))=detAcont(E).\operatorname{cont}(T(E))=|\det A|\operatorname{cont}(E). In particular, a singular linear image has content zero.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A linear endomorphism TT with matrix AA and a bounded Jordan set EE.

[L1]

For every n1n\ge1 and AMn(R)A\in M_n(\mathbb R), the matrix AA is invertible if and only if det(A)0\det(A)\ne0 (A finite square real matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is nonzero); every invertible AMn(R)A\in M_n(\mathbb R) is a finite product of elementary matrices, with the identity represented by the empty product (Every invertible finite square real matrix is a finite product of elementary matrices).

[L2]

For n1n\ge1 and AMn(R)A\in M_n(R) over a commutative ring, interchanging two rows changes det(A)\det(A) to det(A)-\det(A), multiplying one row by cRc\in R changes it to cdet(A)c\det(A), and adding cc times one row to a distinct row leaves it equal to det(A)\det(A) (For every square matrix, including singular ones, a row swap negates the determinant, scaling a row by any scalar scales it, and row addition leaves it unchanged).

[L3]

Cavalieri identifies content with the integral of sectional contents (Cavalieri: Jordan content is the integral of sectional contents, and equal sections give equal content).

[L4]

Lipschitz self-maps of Euclidean space preserve null sets (A Lipschitz map RmRm\mathbb{R}^m\to\mathbb{R}^m sends null sets to null sets), and a bounded set is Jordan measurable exactly when its boundary is null (A bounded set in Rm\mathbb{R}^m is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero).

[L6]

Every finite matrix over a field is row equivalent, by Gaussian elimination, to a matrix in row echelon form (Gaussian elimination reduces every finite matrix over a field to row echelon form). For AMn(F)A\in M_n(F), the matrix AA is invertible if and only if it has a pivot in every row and every column (Invertible matrix theorem: invertibility, full pivot rank, RREF II, trivial nullspace and unique solvability are equivalent).

[L7]

If rr elementary row operations transform AA into BB, and E1,,ErE_1,\ldots,E_r are their elementary matrices in execution order, then B=ErE1AB=E_r\cdots E_1A; for r=0r=0 the empty product is the identity and B=AB=A (A finite row reduction from AA to BB is encoded by B=ErE1AB=E_r\cdots E_1A). Every elementary matrix EMn(F)E\in M_n(F) is invertible, with inverse the elementary matrix of the inverse row operation (Every elementary matrix is invertible, with inverse given by the reverse elementary operation).

[L8]

Jordan inner and outer content approximate a Jordan set by finite rectangular figures (Jordan inner and outer content and Jordan measurable bounded sets in Rm\mathbb{R}^m).

Proof

technique · constructive
1.1

Suppose first that AA is invertible. For every elementary matrix E0E_0, both E0E_0 and E01E_0^{-1} are Lipschitz by [L5], so (E0F)=E0(F)\partial(E_0F)=E_0(\partial F) for every bounded set FF. Thus [L4] makes E0FE_0F Jordan whenever FF is Jordan. Coordinate permutations and nonzero coordinate scalings send rectangular figures to rectangular figures, with content factor 11 and c|c| respectively; applying this to arbitrarily close inner and outer figures from [L8] proves those factors for every bounded Jordan FF. For a shear adding cc times one coordinate to another, take rectangular figures PFQP\subseteq F\subseteq Q from [L8] with cont(Q)cont(P)\operatorname{cont}(Q)-\operatorname{cont}(P) arbitrarily small. Sections of a rectangular figure parallel to the changed coordinate are finite unions of intervals, hence Jordan at every parameter, and the corresponding sections of E0PE_0P and E0QE_0Q are their translates by a quantity depending only on the fixed coordinates, so they are finite unions of intervals of the same total length. Both hypotheses of [L3] are therefore met by P,Q,E0P,E0QP,Q,E_0P,E_0Q but are not claimed for FF, whose sections need not be Jordan; [L3] gives cont(E0P)=cont(P)\operatorname{cont}(E_0P)=\operatorname{cont}(P) and cont(E0Q)=cont(Q)\operatorname{cont}(E_0Q)=\operatorname{cont}(Q). Since E0PE0FE0QE_0P\subseteq E_0F\subseteq E_0Q and E0FE_0F is already known Jordan, its content and that of FF are both squeezed between cont(P)\operatorname{cont}(P) and cont(Q)\operatorname{cont}(Q), so a shear preserves content. These are exactly the absolute determinant factors listed by [L2].

L2L3L4L5L8construct
2.1

By [L1], write AA as a finite product of elementary matrices. Apply step 1.1 successively to EE: every intermediate image is bounded Jordan, and its content is multiplied by the corresponding absolute determinant factor. The row-operation laws [L2], applied successively from the identity, identify the product of those factors with detA|\det A|. Boundedness follows from [L5].

L1L2L5step 1.1
3.1

If AA is singular, [L6] reduces it to an echelon matrix with a zero row; [L7] realizes this as an invertible change of codomain coordinates. The transformed range lies in a coordinate hyperplane, whose bounded part fits in slabs of arbitrarily small thickness and therefore has content zero and is Jordan. Applying the invertible case to undo the coordinate change shows that T(E)T(E) has content zero and is Jordan; the real criterion in [L1] gives detA=0\det A=0, so the same formula holds.

L1L6L7step 2.1discharge-construct: invertible and singular constructions

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