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Holomorphic functions of several variables are smooth and their complex derivatives are holomorphic
Statement
Let , let be open and let be holomorphic. Then:
- every point has a polydisc on which with the series absolutely convergent, and the coefficients are
- every iterated complex partial derivative exists and is holomorphic on ;
- and for every , and is of class in the real coordinates for every natural , hence smooth.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An open and a holomorphic ; is read through Complex -space and its real coordinate dictionary.
A continuous separately holomorphic function on an open set is holomorphic, and for a continuous function holomorphy, separate holomorphy and local power-series representability agree (Osgood's lemma: continuous and separately holomorphic implies holomorphic).
For continuous and separately holomorphic on and , there are coefficients with and on (A continuous separately holomorphic function is the sum of an absolutely convergent power series with Cauchy-integral coefficients on every smaller polydisc).
Under such a coefficient bound the sum is holomorphic on , differentiates termwise with , the derived series obeys a bound of the same shape on every smaller polyradius, every iterated of the sum exists, and (An absolutely convergent multi-indexed power series is holomorphic and differentiates termwise).
A holomorphic function of several variables is continuous and separately holomorphic, with (A holomorphic function of several variables is continuous and separately holomorphic).
and (Wirtinger operators in ).
An -linear has the unique representation and is -linear exactly when every ; for a real totally differentiable these coefficients are and (A real-linear functional on is complex linear exactly when its antiholomorphic part vanishes).
If a property holds at and passes from to , it holds for every natural number (The principle of mathematical induction).
Complex differentiability at gives real total differentiability at with the same differential (Holomorphic functions on an open subset of ).
is of class on an open subset of when every iterated coordinate partial derivative of order at most exists and is continuous ( maps and multi-index derivative notation in Euclidean space), and with (The factorial and the falling factorial , defined by recursion in ).
A complex differentiable function is continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).
is defined coordinatewise by (Balls, polydiscs and the distinguished boundary in ).
Proof
By [L4] the function is continuous and separately holomorphic on , so the construction inside the proof of [L1] gives, at each , a polydisc and then for which [L2] supplies coefficients with and on .
By [L6] and [L8] the -linearity of makes every vanish, so [L5] gives and at every point of .
By [L3] applied to that series, differentiates termwise on , every iterated exists there, and ; dividing by ([L9]) gives claim 1.
By [L3] the derived series for again obeys a bound of the same shape on a smaller polyradius, so its sum is holomorphic there; since that sum is by step 2.1, each is holomorphic on a polydisc about every point of , hence holomorphic on . An induction on ([L7]) repeats this for every iterated derivative, giving claim 2.
By step 1.2 each first-order real partial derivative of is or , which step 3.1 makes holomorphic and [L10] makes continuous; applying step 1.2 to those functions in turn, an induction on the order ([L7]) shows every iterated real coordinate partial derivative of exists and is continuous on . Taking real and imaginary parts, which are continuous together with , [L9] makes of class for every natural , which is claim 3.
Depends on
- Osgood's lemma: continuous and separately holomorphic implies holomorphic
- A continuous separately holomorphic function is the sum of an absolutely convergent power series with Cauchy-integral coefficients on every smaller polydisc
- An absolutely convergent multi-indexed power series is holomorphic and differentiates termwise
- A holomorphic function of several variables is continuous and separately holomorphic
- $C^k$ maps and multi-index derivative notation in Euclidean space
- Wirtinger operators in $\mathbb{C}^m$
- A real-linear functional on $\mathbb{C}^m$ is complex linear exactly when its antiholomorphic part vanishes
- The principle of mathematical induction
- Holomorphic functions on an open subset of $\mathbb{C}^m$
- Balls, polydiscs and the distinguished boundary in $\mathbb{C}^m$
- Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there
- The factorial $n!$ and the falling factorial $n^{\underline{k}}$, defined by recursion in $\mathbb{N}$
- Complex $m$-space and its real coordinate dictionary
Used by
- The coefficients of a convergent multi-indexed power series are its derivative coefficients, hence unique Corollary
- The power series of z₀z₁ on a bidisc centred away from the origin Example
- A holomorphic function vanishing on a nonempty open subset of a domain vanishes identically Theorem
- Cauchy estimates for mixed derivatives on a polydisc Theorem
- For C¹ functions, holomorphy, complex linearity of the real derivative, and the Cauchy–Riemann system agree Theorem
- Locally uniform limits of holomorphic functions are holomorphic, with locally uniform convergence of all derivatives Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- J. Lebl, Tasty Bits of Several Complex Variables, §1.2 (standard reference, not scraped)
- M. Jabbari, Notes for Analysis and Geometry of Several Complex Variables, §3.1 (standard reference, not scraped)