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Holomorphic functions of several variables are smooth and their complex derivatives are holomorphic

Statement

Let m1, let UCm be open and let f:UC be holomorphic. Then:

  1. every point aU has a polydisc Δr(a)U on which f(z)=αcα(za)α with the series absolutely convergent, and the coefficients are cα=zαf(a)α!,zα:=z0α0zm1αm1;
  2. every iterated complex partial derivative zαf exists and is holomorphic on U;
  3. xkf=zkf and ykf=izkf for every k<m, and f is of class Cn in the real coordinates for every natural n, hence smooth.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An open UCm and a holomorphic f:UC; Cm is read through Complex m-space and its real coordinate dictionary.

[L1]

A continuous separately holomorphic function on an open set is holomorphic, and for a continuous function holomorphy, separate holomorphy and local power-series representability agree (Osgood's lemma: continuous and separately holomorphic implies holomorphic).

[L2]

For f continuous and separately holomorphic on Δρ(a) and rk<ρk, there are coefficients with cαMk<mrkαk and f=αcα(za)α on Δr(a) (A continuous separately holomorphic function is the sum of an absolutely convergent power series with Cauchy-integral coefficients on every smaller polydisc).

[L3]

Under such a coefficient bound the sum is holomorphic on Δr(a), differentiates termwise with zk, the derived series obeys a bound of the same shape on every smaller polyradius, every iterated zβ of the sum exists, and zβ(sum)(a)=β!cβ (An absolutely convergent multi-indexed power series is holomorphic and differentiates termwise).

[L4]

A holomorphic function of several variables is continuous and separately holomorphic, with Df(a)h=k<m(zkf(a))hk (A holomorphic function of several variables is continuous and separately holomorphic).

[L5]

zkf=12(xkfiykf) and zˉkf=12(xkf+iykf) (Wirtinger operators in Cm).

[L6]

An R-linear T has the unique representation T(h)=kckhk+kdkhk and is C-linear exactly when every dk=0; for a real totally differentiable f these coefficients are zkf and zˉkf (A real-linear functional on Cm is complex linear exactly when its antiholomorphic part vanishes).

[L7]

If a property holds at 0 and passes from n to n+1, it holds for every natural number (The principle of mathematical induction).

[L8]

Complex differentiability at a gives real total differentiability at a with the same differential (Holomorphic functions on an open subset of Cm).

[L9]

f is of class Cn on an open subset of R2m when every iterated coordinate partial derivative of order at most n exists and is continuous (Ck maps and multi-index derivative notation in Euclidean space), and α!=k<mαk! with 0!=1 (The factorial n! and the falling factorial nk, defined by recursion in N).

[L10]

A complex differentiable function is continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).

[L11]

Δr(a) is defined coordinatewise by zkak<rk (Balls, polydiscs and the distinguished boundary in Cm).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L4] the function f is continuous and separately holomorphic on U, so the construction inside the proof of [L1] gives, at each aU, a polydisc Δρ(a)U and then rk=ρk/2 for which [L2] supplies coefficients with cαMk<mrkαk and f=αcα(za)α on Δr(a).

givenL1L2L4L11
1.2

By [L6] and [L8] the C-linearity of Df(a) makes every zˉkf(a) vanish, so [L5] gives xkf=zkf+zˉkf=zkf and ykf=i(zkfzˉkf)=izkf at every point of U.

givenL4L5L6L8
2.1

By [L3] applied to that series, f differentiates termwise on Δr(a), every iterated zαf exists there, and zαf(a)=α!cα; dividing by α!0 ([L9]) gives claim 1.

step 1.1L3L9
3.1

By [L3] the derived series for zkf again obeys a bound of the same shape on a smaller polyradius, so its sum is holomorphic there; since that sum is zkf by step 2.1, each zkf is holomorphic on a polydisc about every point of U, hence holomorphic on U. An induction on α ([L7]) repeats this for every iterated derivative, giving claim 2.

step 1.1step 2.1L3L7
4.1

By step 1.2 each first-order real partial derivative of f is zkf or izkf, which step 3.1 makes holomorphic and [L10] makes continuous; applying step 1.2 to those functions in turn, an induction on the order ([L7]) shows every iterated real coordinate partial derivative of f exists and is continuous on U. Taking real and imaginary parts, which are continuous together with f, [L9] makes f of class Cn for every natural n, which is claim 3.

step 1.2step 3.1L7L9L10

Depends on

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