Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-26
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An absolutely convergent multi-indexed power series is holomorphic and differentiates termwise

Statement

Fix m≥1, a∈Cm, a polyradius r, a real M≥0 and coefficients c:Nm→C with

∣cα∣≤M∏k<mrk−αkfor every multi-index α.

Then:

  1. for every θ with 0<θ<1 the series ∑αcα(z−a)α converges absolutely and uniformly on Δ‾θr(a), so its sum g is defined on Δr(a);
  2. g is holomorphic on Δr(a), with Dg(z)h=∑k<mbk(z)hk,bk(z)=∑ααk cα(z−a)α−ek, the kth series running over the multi-indices with αk≥1 and converging absolutely on Δr(a); equivalently ∂zkg=bk;
  3. for every θ with 0<θ<1 the derived coefficients αkcα, re-indexed as a power series, obey a bound of the same shape on the polyradius θr, so the differentiation may be iterated; and every iterated complex partial derivative ∂zβg:=∂z0β0⋯∂zm−1βm−1g exists on Δr(a) with ∂zβg(a)=β! cβ.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The data above; Cm is read through Complex m-space and its real coordinate dictionary and polydiscs are those of Balls, polydiscs and the distinguished boundary in Cm.

[L1]

A multi-indexed series converges absolutely at z when the series along one, equivalently every, enumeration of Nm converges absolutely; the sum is independent of the enumeration; the box partial sums over BN={α:αk≤N} converge to it; and a dominated series with summable bounds converges absolutely and uniformly on the set (Multi-indexed power series in Cm and their absolute convergence).

[L2]

f is complex differentiable at z when there is a C-linear L with f(z+h)=f(z)+L(h)+r(h) and ∣r(h)∣/∥h∥→0; L is unique and written Df(z) (Holomorphic functions on an open subset of Cm).

[L3]

An R-linear T with T(h)=∑k<mck′hk is C-linear, and for a differentiable f the coefficients are ∂zkf (A real-linear functional on Cm is complex linear exactly when its antiholomorphic part vanishes, Wirtinger operators in Cm).

[L4]

An absolutely convergent complex series converges and every rearrangement has the same sum (Every absolutely convergent complex series converges, and rearrangements preserve its sum).

[L5]

If ∣fn(x)∣≤Mn on a set with ∑Mn convergent, then ∑fn converges absolutely and uniformly there (Weierstrass M-test for complex-valued function series).

[L6]

A nonnegative series converges exactly when its partial sums are bounded above (A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then the sum is their supremum); for real r′ with ∣r′∣<1, ∑kr′k=1/(1−r′) (For ∣r∣<1, ∑k≥0rk=1/(1−r), and for ∣r∣≥1 the series diverges); if 0≤ak≤bk eventually and ∑bk converges then ∑ak converges (If 0≤ak≤bk eventually, convergence of ∑bk gives convergence of ∑ak, and divergence of ∑ak gives divergence of ∑bk).

[L7]

For p>0 and rational α>0 the sequence kα/(1+p)k tends to 0, the numerator being the corresponding power of the canonical natural (For every p>0 and every positive rational α, nα/(1+p)n→0).

[L8]

If f is holomorphic on D(a′,R), 0<r′<R and ∣f∣≤K on the circle ∣ζ−a′∣=r′, then ∣f(n)(a′)∣≤n! K/r′n for every natural n (Cauchy's inequalities bound every derivative by a boundary bound on a compactly contained circle).

[L9]

(z+w)n=∑k≤n(nk)zkwn−k for complex z,w and natural n, the binomial coefficients read as complex numbers (The binomial theorem over the complex field).

[L10]

Linear combinations and products of functions complex differentiable at a point are complex differentiable there with the usual formulas; constants have derivative 0 and the identity derivative 1 (Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives); such functions are continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).

[L11]

Multi-indices satisfy ∣α∣=∑k<mαk and α!=∏k<mαk! (Ck maps and multi-index derivative notation in Euclidean space), with 0!=1 and (j+1)!=j! (j+1) (The factorial n! and the falling factorial nk‾, defined by recursion in N).

[L12]

If a property holds at 0 and passes from j to j+1, it holds for every natural number (The principle of mathematical induction).

[L13]

Natural powers satisfy w0=1 and wj+1=wjw; negative integer powers need a nonzero base (Integer powers in the complex field).

[L14]

∣zw∣=∣z∣∣w∣ and ∣z+w∣≤∣z∣+∣w∣ (Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, zz‾=∣z∣2, and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive); finite sums and products satisfy the additivity, scaling and product laws (Laws of finite sums and finite products).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenL1L5L6L14

Fix θ with 0<θ<1. For z∈Δ‾θr(a) the hypothesis and [L14] give ∣cα(z−a)α∣≤M∏k<mθαk; the box sums of the right side are M∏k<m∑j≤Nθj≤M(1−θ)−m by [L14] and [L6], and every finite subset of Nm lies in a box, so [L6] makes the majorant series convergent and [L1] and [L5] give absolute and uniform convergence on Δ‾θr(a). Since each z∈Δr(a) lies in some such closed polydisc, g is defined on Δr(a). This is claim 1.

1.2givenL6L7L14

For 0<θ<θ1<1 and every k<m the series ∑ααkθ∣α∣−1 converges: by [L7] the sequence j(θ/θ1)j−1 is null, hence bounded by some Kθ, so jθj−1≤Kθθ1j−1 and [L6] with [L14] bounds the box sums of ∑ααkθ∣α∣−1 by Kθ(1−θ1)−1(1−θ)−(m−1); [L6] then gives convergence.

1.3givenL14

Fix θ with 0<θ<1, a point z0∈Δ‾θr(a) and θ′ with θ<θ′<1; write w=z0−a, so ∣wk∣≤θrk. For h∈Cm with h≠0 put η=max⁡k<m∣hk∣/rk and assume η≤(θ′−θ)/2, which holds for all small ∥h∥ because ∣hk∣≤∥h∥; then z0+h∈Δ‾θ′r(a)⊆Δr(a) by [L14].

2.1step 1.3L9L10L11L12L13

For each α let ϕα(τ)=∏k<m(wk+τhk)αk, a polynomial in τ of degree at most ∣α∣ by [L9] and [L13], hence entire, with ϕα(τ)=∑j≤∣α∣ϕα,jτj and ϕα,j=ϕα(j)(0)/j! by [L10] and [L11]. In particular ϕα,0=wα and, by the product rule of [L10] and an induction on the number of factors ([L12]), ϕα,1=∑k<mαkwα−ekhk, terms with αk=0 being 0.

2.2step 1.2step 1.3L1L14

The series bk(z0)=∑ααkcαwα−ek converges absolutely: ∣αkcαwα−ek∣≤Mrk−1αkθ∣α∣−1 by the hypothesis and [L14], and step 1.2 makes that majorant summable.

3.1step 1.3step 2.1L8L14

Put T=(θ′−θ)/η, so T≥2 by step 1.3. For ∣τ∣≤T and every k, ∣wk+τhk∣≤θrk+T∣hk∣≤θ′rk by [L14], so ∣ϕα(τ)∣≤∏k<m(θ′rk)αk there. Applying [L8] to ϕα on the disc of radius T gives ∣ϕα,j∣≤∏k<m(θ′rk)αkT−j.

4.1step 3.1L6L14

Hence Rα:=ϕα(1)−ϕα,0−ϕα,1=∑2≤j≤∣α∣ϕα,j satisfies ∣Rα∣≤∏k<m(θ′rk)αk∑j≥2T−j≤2T2∏k<m(θ′rk)αk, using T≥2 and [L6]. With T−2=η2(θ′−θ)−2 this is 2η2(θ′−θ)2∏k<m(θ′rk)αk.

5.1step 1.3step 4.1L6L14

Summing against the coefficients, the hypothesis on ∣cα∣ gives ∑α∣cαRα∣≤2η2M(θ′−θ)2∑α∏k<mθ′αk=2η2M(θ′−θ)2(1−θ′)m by [L6] and [L14]; since η≤∥h∥/min⁡k<mrk, this is at most a constant times ∥h∥2.

6.1step 2.1step 5.1step 2.2L1L2L3L4L15

By steps 2.1, 5.1 and 2.2, and by [L1] and [L4] which allow the absolutely convergent series to be split term by term, g(z0+h)−g(z0)−∑k<mbk(z0)hk=∑αcαRα, whose modulus is O(∥h∥2) and therefore o(∥h∥). The map h↦∑k<mbk(z0)hk is C-linear by [L3] and [L15], so [L2] makes g complex differentiable at z0 with that differential, and ∂zkg(z0)=bk(z0) by [L3]. As θ<1 and z0 were arbitrary, this is claim 2.

7.1step 6.1L7L14

For claim 3 fix k<m and θ with 0<θ<1, and re-index the derived series by β=α−ek, so its coefficient at β is (βk+1)cβ+ek, of modulus at most M(βk+1)θ∣β∣+1∏l<m(θrl)−βlrk−1 by the hypothesis and [L14]. By [L7] the numbers (βk+1)θ∣β∣+1 are bounded by a constant M′′, so the derived coefficients satisfy a bound of the same shape with polyradius θr and constant M′′M/rk.

8.1step 6.1step 7.1L11L12L13L14∎

Iterating step 7.1 and step 6.1, an induction on ∣β∣ ([L12]) shows that every ∂zβg exists on Δr(a) and is the termwise β-fold derived series, whose coefficient at α≥β is (∏k<mαk(αk−1)⋯(αk−βk+1))cα and which vanishes unless α≥β componentwise. Evaluating at z=a, [L13] kills every monomial (z−a)α−β except the one with α=β, whose coefficient is β! cβ by [L11]; so ∂zβg(a)=β! cβ.

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