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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-29
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A domain is integrally closed if and only if its prime localisations are, equivalently if and only if its maximal localisations are

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice.

Let A be a domain. Then the following are equivalent:

  1. A is integrally closed.
  2. For every prime ideal p of A, the localisation Ap is integrally closed.
  3. For every maximal ideal m of A, the localisation Am is integrally closed.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A domain A.

[L1]

A domain is integrally closed exactly when every element of its field of fractions integral over it already lies in the domain (Integral closure in an extension ring and integrally closed domains).

[L2]

Integrality localises, and conversely an integral equation after localisation can be cleared by multiplying the element by one denominator (Integrality and integral closure commute with localisation).

[L3]

For a nonzero commutative ring R and x in an R-algebra, the element x is integral over R if and only if R[x] is a finitely generated R-module (Integrality and finite-module characterizations for one element).

[L4]

Assuming the Axiom of Choice, a module or map is zero, injective, or surjective exactly when all maximal localisations have that property (Assuming the Axiom of Choice, local criteria for zero modules and for injective, surjective, and bijective maps).

[L7]

Localisation at a prime ideal means inverting the complement of that prime (Localisation at a prime ideal: Rp=(R∖p)−1R).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2L7given

Assume A is integrally closed, and let p be a prime ideal. If x∈Frac⁡(A) is integral over Ap, then [L2] gives some s∉p with sx integral over A. By [L1], sx∈A, so x=(sx)/s∈Ap. Hence every prime localisation is integrally closed.

1.2L2L3given

Assume every maximal localisation Am is integrally closed, and let x∈Frac⁡(A) be integral over A. Because A is a domain, it is nonzero, so [L3] applies and makes the A-algebra M:=A[x] a finite A-module. For each maximal ideal m, the same element x is integral over Am by [L2], so the hypothesis gives x∈Am and therefore Mm=Am. Thus the localisation of the inclusion i:A↪M at every maximal ideal is surjective.

2.1step 1.1givenalgebra

Every maximal ideal is prime, so step 1.1 implies that if all prime localisations are integrally closed, then all maximal localisations are integrally closed.

2.2L1L4step 1.2

By [L4], the map i:A↪M is surjective. Hence M=A, so x∈A. By [L1], the domain A is integrally closed.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1step 2.2∎

Step 1.1 proves (1)⇒(2), step 2.1 gives (2)⇒(3), and step 2.2 proves (3)⇒(1). Therefore the three conditions are equivalent.

Depends on

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Sources