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An absolute thermal envelope controls radial correlations

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let I=(0,∞) have its usual subspace topology and Borel sigma-algebra B(I), and let λ denote one-dimensional Lebesgue measure. All frequency integrals use the measure μ on B(I) defined by μ(A)=λ(A) for A∈B(I); write dω=dμ(ω). Give C≃R2 its usual topology and Borel sigma-algebra. Here Borel κ:I→C means κ−1(E)∈B(I) for every Borel E⊆C.

Fix β>0 and such a Borel function κ. Put Nβ(ω)=(eβω−1)−1 and W(ω)=∣κ(ω)∣2ω2(2Nβ(ω)+1). Suppose M=∫0∞W(ω) dω<∞. For real t define ft(ω)=∣κ(ω)∣2ω2[Nβ(ω)eiωt+(Nβ(ω)+1)e−iωt]. Then ft is absolutely integrable, ∣∫ft∣≤M, ∫f0=M, and t↦∫ft is continuous. This assumption is exactly finiteness at t=0 of the nonnegative integral.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable Choice, the measure and Borel conventions just specified, β>0, Borel κ:I→C, and the finite nonnegative integral M.

[F1]

Absolute integrability defines the complex Lebesgue integral. Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals

[F2]

An integral has modulus at most the integral of its modulus. The modulus of an integral is bounded by the integral of the modulus

[F3]

The Lebesgue integral is linear on integrable functions. The Lebesgue integral is linear on L¹(μ)

[F4]

The nonnegative integral is monotone and homogeneous. Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral

[F5]

Dominated convergence applies to complex measurable functions under a single integrable majorant. Dominated convergence

[F6]

Countable Choice is assumed for the Lebesgue-measure suppliers and the sequential converse for metric continuity. The Axiom of Countable Choice (AC_ω)

[F7]

The Borel sigma-algebra is generated by open sets, and measurability of a map means measurability of inverse images of measurable codomain sets. The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space A measurable function between measurable spaces

[F9]

The Borel sigma-algebra of a subspace is the trace of the ambient Borel sigma-algebra. The Borel sigma-algebra of a subspace is the trace of the ambient Borel sigma-algebra

[F10]

Continuous maps between topological spaces are Borel measurable; measurable maps compose; a map into Rn is measurable exactly when its real coordinates are measurable. A continuous map has Borel preimages of Borel sets Composition with a Borel measurable outer map preserves measurability A map into ℝⁿ is measurable exactly when its coordinates are measurable

[F11]

The real exponential is continuous and strictly increasing. The complex exponential is entire and hence continuous, and ∣eix∣=1 for real x. The exponential function is strictly increasing The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself exp(x+iy)=eˣ(cos y+i sin y), |exp(x+iy)|=eˣ, and e^iπ+1=0

[F12]

Finite sums, products, and quotients with nonzero denominators of continuous real-valued maps are continuous. Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined

[F13]

For maps between metric spaces, convergence of images along every convergent sequence implies continuity under Countable Choice. Metric continuity characterisations, with countable choice for the sequential converse

[F15]

A measure is a nonnegative extended-valued function on a sigma-algebra, zero on the empty set and countably additive on pairwise disjoint sequences. Measures on sigma-algebras

[F16]

The nonnegative Lebesgue integral is the supremum of the integrals of nonnegative simple measurable minorants. The nonnegative Lebesgue integral

[F17]

For z=a+bi, Re⁡z=a, Im⁡z=b and ∣z∣=a2+b2. Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus

[F18]

Complex modulus is nonnegative, multiplicative and subadditive: ∣zw∣=∣z∣∣w∣ and ∣z+w∣≤∣z∣+∣w∣. Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, zz̄=|z|², and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive

[F20]

Product projections are continuous, and a map into a product is continuous exactly when its components are continuous. Only these choice-free clauses are used here. A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice

Proof

Given: Countable Choice, the measure and Borel conventions just specified, β>0, Borel κ:I→C, and the finite nonnegative integral M.

Goal: Establish the absolute-integral bounds, equal-time identity and continuity.

1.1F6F7F8F9F14F15

The interval I is open in R, so [F9] makes each A∈B(I) an ambient Borel set: A=I∩B for some B∈B(R). Thus [F8] defines μ(A)=λ(A). The empty set has measure zero, and for any pairwise disjoint sequence in B(I) its union is still in B(I) and countable additivity of λ gives countable additivity of μ. Hence the stated restriction is a measure on the interval, as needed by the integral suppliers.

1.2F7F9F10F11F12F14F17F19F20algebra

First, [F19] gives continuity of composition: if h and g are continuous and V is open in the target, then (g∘h)−1(V)=h−1(g−1(V)) is open. The coordinate projections on Rn are continuous by [F20], and their restrictions to subspaces are continuous by [F14]. Identity and constant maps are continuous by [F19]. Therefore [F12] makes ω↦βω continuous, and [F20] makes ω↦(0,±ωt)≃±iωt continuous into C≃R2. Composition with [F11], followed by [F12], shows that Nβ and ω↦e±iωt are continuous on I; the denominator is nonzero because eβω>e0=1. Set u=Re⁡κ and v=Im⁡κ, so ∣κ∣2=u2+v2 by [F17]. By [F10], u,v are Borel and ω↦(ω,u(ω),v(ω)) is Borel into R3. On I×R2 with its usual subspace topology, the expression for W with ∣κ∣2 replaced by the sum of squares of the last two coordinates is continuous by the restricted coordinate projections, composition and [F12]. The real and imaginary parts of each phase are continuous coordinate projections of its continuous complex-valued map; the real and imaginary parts of the corresponding expression for ft are finite sums and products of these real-valued maps and the preceding continuous factors, hence are continuous by [F12]. Since the Borel map takes values in I×R2, the trace identity [F9] also makes it Borel with that subspace codomain. Composing with the three continuous real-valued expressions gives Borel maps by [F10]. Its coordinate criterion then gives measurability of ft into C≃R2; W is measurable and nonnegative.

2.1F1F2F4F11F16F17F18step 1.2algebra

Since Nβ≥0 and both phases have modulus one, multiplicativity and the triangle inequality in [F18] give ∣ft∣≤∣κ∣2ω2[Nβ+(Nβ+1)]=W. By [F4], ∫∣ft∣≤M<∞, so [F1] gives absolute integrability, and [F2] gives ∣∫ft∣≤M. At t=0 both phases equal one, so f0=W pointwise and ∫f0=M. This pointwise identity also shows, independently of the finiteness assumption, that the nonnegative equal-time integral is finite exactly when ∫W is finite.

3.1F3F5F6F11F12F13F17F19F20step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1∎

Let tn→t be any real sequence. For each fixed ω, the continuous coordinate operations and composition used in step 1.2, now with variable t, and the exponential in [F11] give ftn(ω)→ft(ω) for every ω∈I. Steps 1.2 and 2.1 supply measurable functions and the single integrable majorant W, so [F5] gives ∫ftn→∫ft (equivalently, the integrals of ftn−ft tend to zero by [F3]). The domain R and codomain C carry their usual metrics, and Countable Choice is assumed. Therefore [F13] converts this sequential convergence for every such sequence into continuity of t↦∫ft, completing the claims.

Depends on

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