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An absolute thermal envelope controls radial correlations
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let have its usual subspace topology and Borel sigma-algebra , and let denote one-dimensional Lebesgue measure. All frequency integrals use the measure on defined by for ; write . Give its usual topology and Borel sigma-algebra. Here Borel means for every Borel .
Fix and such a Borel function . Put and . Suppose . For real define . Then is absolutely integrable, , , and is continuous. This assumption is exactly finiteness at of the nonnegative integral.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable Choice, the measure and Borel conventions just specified, , Borel , and the finite nonnegative integral .
Absolute integrability defines the complex Lebesgue integral. Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals
An integral has modulus at most the integral of its modulus. The modulus of an integral is bounded by the integral of the modulus
The Lebesgue integral is linear on integrable functions. The Lebesgue integral is linear on L¹(μ)
The nonnegative integral is monotone and homogeneous. Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral
Dominated convergence applies to complex measurable functions under a single integrable majorant. Dominated convergence
Countable Choice is assumed for the Lebesgue-measure suppliers and the sequential converse for metric continuity. The Axiom of Countable Choice (AC_ω)
The Borel sigma-algebra is generated by open sets, and measurability of a map means measurability of inverse images of measurable codomain sets. The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space A measurable function between measurable spaces
Under Countable Choice, is a measure on and . Lebesgue measurable sets, the family L(ℝⁿ), and the restricted set function λₙ Assuming countable choice, L(ℝⁿ) is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and λₙ is a complete measure extending elementary volume Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of ℝⁿ is Lebesgue measurable
The Borel sigma-algebra of a subspace is the trace of the ambient Borel sigma-algebra. The Borel sigma-algebra of a subspace is the trace of the ambient Borel sigma-algebra
Continuous maps between topological spaces are Borel measurable; measurable maps compose; a map into is measurable exactly when its real coordinates are measurable. A continuous map has Borel preimages of Borel sets Composition with a Borel measurable outer map preserves measurability A map into ℝⁿ is measurable exactly when its coordinates are measurable
The real exponential is continuous and strictly increasing. The complex exponential is entire and hence continuous, and for real . The exponential function is strictly increasing The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself exp(x+iy)=eˣ(cos y+i sin y), |exp(x+iy)|=eˣ, and e^iπ+1=0
Finite sums, products, and quotients with nonzero denominators of continuous real-valued maps are continuous. Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined
For maps between metric spaces, convergence of images along every convergent sequence implies continuity under Countable Choice. Metric continuity characterisations, with countable choice for the sequential converse
The subspace topology on a subset consists of traces of ambient open sets. Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
A measure is a nonnegative extended-valued function on a sigma-algebra, zero on the empty set and countably additive on pairwise disjoint sequences. Measures on sigma-algebras
The nonnegative Lebesgue integral is the supremum of the integrals of nonnegative simple measurable minorants. The nonnegative Lebesgue integral
Complex modulus is nonnegative, multiplicative and subadditive: and . Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, zz̄=|z|², and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive
A map between topological spaces is continuous exactly when inverse images of open sets are open. For a map of spaces the following agree: continuity at every point, preimages of open sets open, preimages of closed sets closed, preimages of subbasic open sets open, and f(Ā) ⊆ f(A)
Product projections are continuous, and a map into a product is continuous exactly when its components are continuous. Only these choice-free clauses are used here. A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice
Proof
Given: Countable Choice, the measure and Borel conventions just specified, , Borel , and the finite nonnegative integral .
Goal: Establish the absolute-integral bounds, equal-time identity and continuity.
The interval is open in , so [F9] makes each an ambient Borel set: for some . Thus [F8] defines . The empty set has measure zero, and for any pairwise disjoint sequence in its union is still in and countable additivity of gives countable additivity of . Hence the stated restriction is a measure on the interval, as needed by the integral suppliers.
First, [F19] gives continuity of composition: if and are continuous and is open in the target, then is open. The coordinate projections on are continuous by [F20], and their restrictions to subspaces are continuous by [F14]. Identity and constant maps are continuous by [F19]. Therefore [F12] makes continuous, and [F20] makes continuous into . Composition with [F11], followed by [F12], shows that and are continuous on ; the denominator is nonzero because . Set and , so by [F17]. By [F10], are Borel and is Borel into . On with its usual subspace topology, the expression for with replaced by the sum of squares of the last two coordinates is continuous by the restricted coordinate projections, composition and [F12]. The real and imaginary parts of each phase are continuous coordinate projections of its continuous complex-valued map; the real and imaginary parts of the corresponding expression for are finite sums and products of these real-valued maps and the preceding continuous factors, hence are continuous by [F12]. Since the Borel map takes values in , the trace identity [F9] also makes it Borel with that subspace codomain. Composing with the three continuous real-valued expressions gives Borel maps by [F10]. Its coordinate criterion then gives measurability of into ; is measurable and nonnegative.
Since and both phases have modulus one, multiplicativity and the triangle inequality in [F18] give . By [F4], , so [F1] gives absolute integrability, and [F2] gives . At both phases equal one, so pointwise and . This pointwise identity also shows, independently of the finiteness assumption, that the nonnegative equal-time integral is finite exactly when is finite.
Let be any real sequence. For each fixed , the continuous coordinate operations and composition used in step 1.2, now with variable , and the exponential in [F11] give for every . Steps 1.2 and 2.1 supply measurable functions and the single integrable majorant , so [F5] gives (equivalently, the integrals of tend to zero by [F3]). The domain and codomain carry their usual metrics, and Countable Choice is assumed. Therefore [F13] converts this sequential convergence for every such sequence into continuity of , completing the claims.
Depends on
- Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals
- The modulus of an integral is bounded by the integral of the modulus
- The Lebesgue integral is linear on L¹(μ)
- Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral
- Dominated convergence
- The Axiom of Countable Choice (AC_ω)
- The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space
- A measurable function between measurable spaces
- Lebesgue measurable sets, the family L(ℝⁿ), and the restricted set function λₙ
- Assuming countable choice, L(ℝⁿ) is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and λₙ is a complete measure extending elementary volume
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of ℝⁿ is Lebesgue measurable
- The Borel sigma-algebra of a subspace is the trace of the ambient Borel sigma-algebra
- A continuous map has Borel preimages of Borel sets
- Composition with a Borel measurable outer map preserves measurability
- A map into ℝⁿ is measurable exactly when its coordinates are measurable
- The exponential function is strictly increasing
- The complex exponential is entire and its complex derivative is itself
- exp(x+iy)=eˣ(cos y+i sin y), |exp(x+iy)|=eˣ, and e^iπ+1=0
- Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined
- Metric continuity characterisations, with countable choice for the sequential converse
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- Measures on sigma-algebras
- The nonnegative Lebesgue integral
- Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus
- Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, zz̄=|z|², and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive
- For a map of spaces the following agree: continuity at every point, preimages of open sets open, preimages of closed sets closed, preimages of subbasic open sets open, and f(Ā) ⊆ f(A)
- A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice
Dependency tree · 2 levels
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