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Tensoring is right exact
Statement
Let be a commutative ring, let
be an exact sequence of -modules, and let be an -module. Then
is exact. Thus tensoring preserves cokernels and surjections, but no injectivity at the left is asserted.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An exact sequence and an -module over a commutative ring .
Exactness means that is surjective and (Exact sequences and short exact sequences of modules).
Module homomorphisms induce tensor homomorphisms with and functorial composition (Module homomorphisms induce tensor-product homomorphisms functorially).
Balanced pairings induce unique homomorphisms from tensor products (Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups).
An elementary-tensor formula descends exactly when the corresponding pairing is balanced (A formula on elementary tensors defines a homomorphism exactly when its underlying pairing is balanced).
For a submodule , the quotient module has cosets and its induced scalar action (Quotient module with scalar multiplication on additive cosets).
A module homomorphism that kills factors uniquely through (A module homomorphism vanishing on factors uniquely through ).
Tensor products over carry the scalar action (Over a commutative ring, is an -module with ).
Every tensor is a finite sum of elementary tensors (The tensor product from the additive group underlying the free -module on , elementary tensors, and finite tensor sums).
Proof
The map is surjective: by [L8], every tensor is a finite sum of elementary tensors , and [L1] supplies with , so .
Functoriality gives , so .
Let . The image is a submodule because [L2] and [L7] make -linear. Since kills it, [L6] gives .
For and , choose any with and set . If is another lift, then by [L1], so ; hence is well defined.
The function is bilinear: lifts of sums may be taken as sums of lifts, scalar multiples as scalar multiples, and the tensor relations give the required equalities. By [L3] and [L4] it induces .
For , one has , while for and a lift one has ; generators and uniqueness make and inverse.
Since is an isomorphism, the kernel of is exactly the submodule quotiented out in step 2.1, namely . Together with step 1.1, this is right exactness.
Depends on
- Exact sequences and short exact sequences of modules
- The tensor product $M\otimes_R N$ from the additive group underlying the free $\mathbb Z$-module on $M\times N$, elementary tensors, and finite tensor sums
- Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups
- Module homomorphisms induce tensor-product homomorphisms functorially
- A formula on elementary tensors defines a homomorphism exactly when its underlying pairing is balanced
- Quotient module $M/N$ with scalar multiplication on additive cosets
- A module homomorphism vanishing on $N$ factors uniquely through $M/N$
- Over a commutative ring, $M\otimes_RN$ is an $R$-module with $r(m\otimes n)=(rm)\otimes n=m\otimes(rn)$
Used by
- Euler characteristic in a proper flat family is locally constant Corollary
- General hypersurfaces give smooth complete intersections Corollary
- Global functions on geometrically connected and geometrically reduced proper schemes Corollary
- M⊗_RR/I≅ M/IM naturally Corollary
- Upper semicontinuity of fibre cohomology dimensions Corollary
- A flat family with a nodal special fibre is not smooth at the node Counterexample
- An arbitrary algebra map does not make differentials a base change Counterexample
- Frobenius on the affine line is finite flat but not smooth Counterexample
- Fibre of a module sheaf at a point Definition
- Flat and faithfully flat modules and ring homomorphisms Definition
- Base change of an inseparable field extension is a thickening Example
- Fitting ideals of a diagonal two-by-two presentation Example
- Geometric parameters of a projection of affine spaces Example
- The family xy=t Example
- False: tensoring preserves injections False statement
- A dominant map has a surjective differential on a dense source open Lemma
- A flat local map splits regular sequences into base and fibre parts Lemma
- A killed first Tor obstruction yields flatness after local Noetherian base change Lemma
- Differentials of a polynomial quotient and the Jacobian cokernel Lemma
- Fibrewise exact finite flat complexes lift over a Noetherian target Lemma
- Field extension preserves the graded pieces and the total length of a zero-dimensional projective quotient Lemma
- Field tests for geometric regularity Lemma
- Finite presentation data descend to Noetherian algebra and module stages Lemma
- Finite-free local criterion for cohomology and base change Lemma
- Fitting ideals do not depend on a presentation Lemma
- Flat field extension commutes with coherent cohomology Lemma
- Flat maps with geometrically regular fibres have standard smooth local presentations Lemma
- Flatness over a local filtered colimit appears at a Noetherian stage Lemma
- Fpqc descent of properness components Lemma
- Local flatness criterion by regular parameters Lemma
- Projective-space projection is universally closed by finite graded pieces Lemma
- Pullback of modules is right exact, and flat stalk maps make it exact Lemma
- Regularity ascends and descends along a flat local homomorphism Lemma
- Stalks, coproducts and right exactness of the abelian sheaf tensor product Lemma
- Standard smooth algebras are finitely presented and flat Lemma
- The cycle-boundary tensor sequence has the Kunneth kernel and cokernel Lemma
- The sheaf attached to a module on an affine scheme Lemma
- Transitivity sequence for differentials Lemma
- Universal finite projective cohomology complex over any base Lemma
- Torsion-free abelian groups are flat Proposition
…and 16 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
21 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Stacks Project, Section 10.12: Tensor products (standard reference, not scraped)
- C. Dennis, Week 4 on tensor products and flatness (standard reference, not scraped)