Alphabeta MathClassification of Compact Connected Surfaces
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1 · Prerequisites
Abstract Algebra
- Binary Operations, Monoids, Groups and Subgroups
- Cosets, Index and Lagrange's Theorem
- Divisibility, Euclidean Domains, Principal Ideal Domains and Unique Factorisation
- Free Modules, Exact Sequences, Projective and Injective Modules
- Group Homomorphisms and the Isomorphism Theorems
- Ideals, Quotient Rings and the Isomorphism Theorems for Rings
- Modules over a Principal Ideal Domain and the Canonical Forms
- Modules, Submodules, Quotient Modules and the Isomorphism Theorems
- Normal Subgroups and Quotient Groups
- Polynomial Rings, the Division Algorithm and Roots
- Rings, Subrings, Integral Domains and Fields
- Simple Field Extensions and the Construction of the Complex Numbers
- Tensor Products of Modules
Algebraic Topology
- Cup Cap Cross Products and Cohomology Rings
- Cw Complexes and Cellular Homology
- Orientations Poincare Lefschetz and Alexander Duality
- Relative Homology Excision and Mayer Vietoris
- Simplicial Complexes and Simplicial Homology
- Simplicial Subdivision and Simplicial Approximation
- Singular Chains and Singular Homology
- Singular Cohomology and Coefficient Theorems
Category Theory
- Abelian Categories
- Categories, Functors and Natural Transformations
- Exactness and the Member Calculus
- Limits and Colimits
- Preadditive and Additive Categories and Biproducts
- Reflective Subcategories and the Adjoint Functor Theorems
- Subobject Lattices Generators and the Grothendieck Axioms
- The Diagram Lemmas in an Abelian Category
- Universal Properties, Representables and the Yoneda Lemma
Combinatorics
Commutative Algebra
Complex Analysis
- Complex Coordinate and Path Transport
- Complex Differentiability and the Cauchy–Riemann Equations
- Contour Integration
- Goursat's Theorem and Cauchy's Theorem in a Convex Domain
- Mittag-Leffler and Runge's Theorem
- The Identity Theorem, the Maximum Principle and the Open Mapping Theorem
- The Winding Number and the Global Cauchy Theorem
Differential Geometry
Group Theory
Homological Algebra
Linear Algebra
Real Analysis
- Absolute and Conditional Convergence; Rearrangement; Products
- Arc Length and Rectifiable Curves
- Areas of Elementary Plane Figures
- Bounded Variation and the Riemann–Stieltjes Integral
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Cauchy Sequences
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Dedekind Cuts
- Continuity, IVT, EVT, and Uniform Continuity
- Countability and Uncountability
- Foundations of the Real Numbers for Analysis
- Fubini and Change of Variables
- Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
- Limits of Real Functions
- limsup, liminf, and Subsequential Limits
- Line Integrals and the Gradient Theorem
- Monotone Functions, Discontinuities, and Continuity Sets
- Monotone Sequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass, and Cauchy Completeness
- Power Series and Real-Analytic Functions
- Properties of the Integral and the Working FTC
- Rⁿ as a Normed Space; Vector-Valued Functions
- Roots, Rational Powers, and Classical Inequalities
- Sequences and Limits
- Sequences and Series of Functions; Uniform Convergence
- Series: Convergence and the Nonnegative Tests
- Sine, Cosine, and the Definition of Pi
- Suprema and Infima
- The Cantor Set, Baire Category, and Measure Zero in ℝ
- The Complex Exponential and Euler's Formula
- The Derivative and the Mean Value Theorems
- The Exponential Function
- The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
- The Logarithm and General Powers
- The Riemann Integral in Rᵐ and Jordan Content
- The Riemann Integral: Definition and Integrability
- The Total Derivative in ℝᵐ → ℝⁿ
- Topology of ℝ
Set Theory
- Cardinal Arithmetic, Cofinality and the Alephs
- Construction of the Natural Numbers
- Filters and Ultrafilters
- Order, Zorn's Lemma, and the Axiom of Choice
- Ordinal Arithmetic and the First Uncountable Ordinal
- Ordinals, Cardinals, and Transfinite Recursion
- Relations, Functions, and Quotients
- The ZFC Axioms and the Basic Set Constructions
Topology
- Compactness
- Compactness in Metric Spaces
- Completeness, Completion, and Uniform Continuity
- Connectedness
- Countability Axioms and Cardinal Functions
- Function Space Topologies and the Exponential Law
- Hereditary and Productive Behaviour of the Separation Axioms
- Homotopy and Homotopy Equivalence
- Metric Spaces
- Partitions of Unity and Paracompactness
- Separation Axioms: the Hierarchy
- Subspaces, Products, and Quotients
- The Fundamental Group of the Circle
- The Seifert–van Kampen Theorem
- The Topology of Euclidean Space
- Topological Spaces and Continuity
2 · Logical flowchart
3 · Items
Definition
Connected sums of compact connected surfaces, with disk and gluing choices retained
Definition
The Klein bottle as a square quotient
Definition
Polygonal schemas and paired boundary edges
Lemma
Arc complements and accessible Jordan boundary points
Lemma
Finite plane graph ear and face facts
Lemma
Jordan–Schönflies extension for plane curves
Lemma
Planar facial graph facts and isomorphism extension for arbitrary arc drawings
Lemma
Finite triangulation of a compact connected surface
Lemma
A finite triangulated surface has a one-polygon schema
Lemma
Homeomorphism-preserving polygonal schema moves
Theorem
Polygonal normal forms for compact connected surfaces
Theorem
Classification of compact connected surfaces
Corollary
Euler characteristic of an orientable compact surface
Corollary
Orientability and Euler characteristic determine a nonempty compact connected boundaryless surface
Example
Torus commutator polygon
Example
Projective plane crosscap polygon
Example
Sphere as a polygonal quotient
Sources
- Gallier and Xu, A Guide to the Classification Theorem for Compact Surfaces
- Koch, Classification of Surfaces
- Carsten Thomassen, The Jordan–Schönflies Theorem and the Classification of Surfaces
- Thomas C. Hales, The Jordan Curve Theorem, Formally and Informally
- A complete elementary proof of the Jordan–Schönflies theorem (jordan_schoenflies_compact.tex, CC BY 4.0)
- Carsten Thomassen, The Jordan-Schonflies Theorem and the Classification of Surfaces
- Richard Koch, Classification of Surfaces (University of Oregon course notes, 2005)