Fubini and Change of Variables: Examples and Counterexamples
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1 · Prerequisites
Abstract Algebra
Linear Algebra
- Determinants of Matrices over a Commutative Ring
- Gaussian Elimination, Elementary Matrices and Reduced Row Echelon Form
- Linear Independence, Bases and Dimension
- Linear Transformations, Rank-Nullity and Quotient Spaces
- Matrices, the Matrix of a Linear Map, and Change of Basis
- Vector Spaces, Linear Subspaces, Span and Direct Sums
Real Analysis
- Absolute and Conditional Convergence; Rearrangement; Products
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Cauchy Sequences
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Dedekind Cuts
- Continuity, IVT, EVT, and Uniform Continuity
- Countability and Uncountability
- Foundations of the Real Numbers for Analysis
- Fubini and Change of Variables
- Limits of Real Functions
- limsup, liminf, and Subsequential Limits
- Monotone Functions, Discontinuities, and Continuity Sets
- Monotone Sequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass, and Cauchy Completeness
- Power Series and Real-Analytic Functions
- Properties of the Integral and the Working FTC
- Rⁿ as a Normed Space; Vector-Valued Functions
- Roots, Rational Powers, and Classical Inequalities
- Sequences and Limits
- Sequences and Series of Functions; Uniform Convergence
- Series: Convergence and the Nonnegative Tests
- Sine, Cosine, and the Definition of Pi
- Suprema and Infima
- The Derivative and the Mean Value Theorems
- The Exponential Function
- The Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems
- The Riemann Integral in Rᵐ and Jordan Content
- The Riemann Integral: Definition and Integrability
- The Total Derivative in ℝᵐ → ℝⁿ
- Topology of ℝ
Set Theory
2 · Logical flowchart
3 · Items
Example
An integrable function on the unit square with one Dirichlet section and only one defined order of ordinary iteration
Counterexample
One existing iterated integral does not imply multiple Riemann integrability
Example
A Riemann-integrable Thomae-type function whose x-sections are nonintegrable at every rational height
Example
Fubini computes ∫₀¹∫₋₁¹ x exp(xy) dx dy by reversing the order
Example
A coordinate shear preserves Jordan content by translating every section
Example
The content of a concrete three-dimensional parallelepiped computed from its spanning matrix
Example
Polar change of variables on a compact annular sector gives the Jacobian factor r and its area
Example
Cylindrical coordinates have absolute Jacobian determinant r on an injective compact box
Example
Spherical coordinates have absolute Jacobian determinant r² sinφ away from the axis and angular seam
Example
The hyperspherical-coordinate Jacobian is the standard product of a radial power and sine powers
Counterexample
Polar coordinates on a full closed angular period are not injective and are singular at radius zero
Counterexample
Omitting the absolute value from the Jacobian gives negative length under the reflection x↦1-x
Counterexample
Dropping injectivity double-counts under x↦ x² on two disjoint intervals
Sources
- J. Lebl, Basic Analysis II, Example 10.2.1
- J. Lebl, Basic Analysis II, Exercise 10.2.8
- J. Lebl, Basic Analysis II, Exercise 10.2.9
- J. Lebl, Basic Analysis II, Exercise 10.2.1
- A. Leibman, Multidimensional Real Analysis, Lemma 5.5.2
- A. Leibman, Multidimensional Real Analysis, Lemma 5.5.4
- A. Leibman, Multidimensional Real Analysis, §5.5