How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Tonelli and Fubini for the completed product, with only almost-everywhere section measurability
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()), and let be the completed product of two sigma-finite measure spaces.
- If is -measurable, then for -almost every the section is -measurable, for -almost every the section is -measurable, and
- If , the same almost-everywhere section-measurability conclusion holds and the same equality of integrals is valid.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice, two sigma-finite measure spaces, their completed product , and either a nonnegative -measurable function or an integrable function .
Assuming countable choice, a function measurable for a completion is almost everywhere equal to one measurable for the original sigma-algebra. (A function measurable for a completion is almost everywhere equal to one measurable for the original sigma-algebra)
Tonelli and Fubini hold on the uncompleted product sigma-algebra. (Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product, Fubini's theorem for L^1 functions on a sigma-finite product)
The integral is unchanged by almost-everywhere equality. (Two integrable functions are equal almost everywhere exactly when all of their indefinite integrals agree)
On a complete measure space, almost-everywhere equality with a measurable function implies measurability. (On a complete measure space, equality almost everywhere preserves measurability)
Integrable complex functions have integrable real and imaginary parts. (Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals)
Proof
By [L1], choose a product-measurable function such that almost everywhere for . Let , so . By the completion definition, choose a product-measurable null set with .
Apply the nonnegative case of [L2] to . Since [L2] gives , Tonelli yields Hence for -almost every and for -almost every . Because and , the equalities and fail only on null sections of the completed factor spaces. For such , the section is almost everywhere equal to the measurable section , so [L4] makes -measurable; similarly for .
In the nonnegative case, apply Tonelli from [L2] to . Since almost everywhere on the complete product space, the completed integral of equals that of , and the section integrals agree for the almost-everywhere parameters isolated in step 1.2. This proves part 1.
If , apply [L1] separately to and . This gives product-measurable real-valued functions such that and almost everywhere. Put . Then is product-measurable, almost everywhere, and [L3] applied to and shows . The case of [L2] applies to , step 1.2 transfers the almost-everywhere section measurability from to , and [L3] transfers the equality of integrals from to . This proves part 2.
Depends on
- The completed product measure
- Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product
- Fubini's theorem for L^1 functions on a sigma-finite product
- A function measurable for a completion is almost everywhere equal to one measurable for the original sigma-algebra
- Two integrable functions are equal almost everywhere exactly when all of their indefinite integrals agree
- On a complete measure space, equality almost everywhere preserves measurability
- Integrable real and complex functions, and their integrals
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
34 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Gerald B. Folland, Real Analysis, 2nd ed., Theorem 2.39 (standard reference, not scraped)
- John K. Hunter, Measure Theory, Theorem 5.21 (standard reference, not scraped)