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SI and geometrized Einstein–Maxwell parameters — Examples
1 · Prerequisites
- Absolute and Conditional Convergence; Rearrangement; Products
- Binary Operations, Monoids, Groups and Subgroups
- Compactness
- Compactness in Metric Spaces
- Completeness, Completion, and Uniform Continuity
- Connectedness
- Connections And Free Fall
- Connections Levi Civita and Parallel Transport
- Construction of the Natural Numbers
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Cauchy Sequences
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Dedekind Cuts
- Continuity, IVT, EVT, and Uniform Continuity
- Cosets, Index and Lagrange's Theorem
- Countability and Uncountability
- Countability Axioms and Cardinal Functions
- Curvature And Tides
- Determinants of Matrices over a Commutative Ring
- Divisibility, Euclidean Domains, Principal Ideal Domains and Unique Factorisation
- Dual Spaces, Bilinear and Quadratic Forms, and Sylvester's Law of Inertia
- Einstein And Matter
- Euclidean Ordinary Differential Equations with Smooth Dependence
- Exterior Powers, Orientation and Hodge Duality
- Filters and Ultrafilters
- Finite Counting, Factorials and Binomial Coefficients
- Foundations of the Real Numbers for Analysis
- Framework And Geometry
- Fubini and Change of Variables
- Geodesics, the Exponential Map, Completeness, and Hopf–Rinow
- Group Actions, Orbits, Stabilisers and Cayley's Theorem
- Hereditary and Productive Behaviour of the Separation Axioms
- Ideals, Quotient Rings and the Isomorphism Theorems for Rings
- Improper Integrals
- Inner Product Spaces, Gram-Schmidt, Projections and Adjoints
- Limits of Real Functions
- limsup, liminf, and Subsequential Limits
- Linear Independence, Bases and Dimension
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- Manifolds with Boundary Collars and Orientations
- Matrices, the Matrix of a Linear Map, and Change of Basis
- Metric Spaces
- Mixed Partials, Taylor Formulae, and Extrema
- Monotone Functions, Discontinuities, and Continuity Sets
- Monotone Sequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass, and Cauchy Completeness
- Normal Subgroups and Quotient Groups
- Order, Zorn's Lemma, and the Axiom of Choice
- Oriented Lorentzian fields, observers and coordinate conventions
- Picard-Lindelöf and First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
- Polynomial Rings, the Division Algorithm and Roots
- Power Series and Real-Analytic Functions
- Properties of the Integral and the Working FTC
- Rank Theorems and Embedded Submanifolds
- Relations, Functions, and Quotients
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- Riemannian Metrics Length Distance and Volume
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- Rⁿ as a Normed Space; Vector-Valued Functions
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- Separation Axioms: the Hierarchy
- Sequences and Limits
- Sequences and Series of Functions; Uniform Convergence
- Series: Convergence and the Nonnegative Tests
- SI and geometrized Einstein–Maxwell parameters
- Simple Field Extensions and the Construction of the Complex Numbers
- Simplicial Complexes and Simplicial Homology
- Singular Chains and Singular Homology
- Singular Cochains Mayer Vietoris and Smooth Singular Comparison
- Smooth Manifolds and Smooth Maps
- Smooth Partitions of Unity and Exhaustions
- Smooth Vector Bundles and Sections
- Spacetime Primitives
- Subspaces, Products, and Quotients
- Suprema and Infima
- Symmetric Groups, Cycle Decomposition and the Sign Homomorphism
- Tangent Cotangent and the Differential
- Tensor Fields Exterior Algebra and Differential Forms
- Tensors And Observers
- The de Rham Theorem and Degree
- The Derivative and the Mean Value Theorems
- The Determinant of a Linear Operator, Cofactors and Cramer's Rule
- The Exponential Function
- The Exterior Derivative and Cartan Calculus
- The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
- The Inverse and Implicit Function Theorems
- The Inverse Function Theorem Completed
- The Logarithm and General Powers
- The Riemann Integral in Rᵐ and Jordan Content
- The Riemann Integral: Definition and Integrability
- The Topology of Euclidean Space
- The Total Derivative in ℝᵐ → ℝⁿ
- The ZFC Axioms and the Basic Set Constructions
- Topological Spaces and Continuity
- Topology of ℝ
- Vector Fields Flows and Lie Derivatives
- Vector Spaces, Linear Subspaces, Span and Direct Sums
- Volumes of Elementary Solids and Solids of Revolution
2 · Summary
Scope
The counterexample uses a conformally rescaled Minkowski metric with zero electromagnetic field to separate source-free Maxwell covariance from Einstein-equation covariance. The Coulomb calculation checks the SI charge coefficient against the geometric length parameter in the exact field normalization.
Both are conditional mathematical calculations. The source point is excluded from the Coulomb field domain; no singular source model, observation, or measured charge is asserted.
3 · Logical flowchart
4 · Definitions, postulates, theorems and proofs
None yet.
5 · Examples, experiments and counterexamples
Conformal Maxwell symmetry fails to preserve electrovac geometry
Statement refuted
Fix positive constants and as in Exact geometric electrovac normalization. On the smooth oriented Lorentzian four-manifold of Oriented Lorentzian fields, observers and coordinate conventions, a source-free electrovac solution with here means a metric and smooth real two-form satisfying
where with indices raised by , as in Exact geometric electrovac normalization, and are the operators used in Four-dimensional conformal Maxwell covariance. These equations define a mathematical solution class, without an assertion about nature.
Claim: in four dimensions, conformal covariance of the source-free Maxwell equations implies that every positive conformal rescaling of a source-free electrovac solution is again a solution of the same electrovac Einstein equations with , keeping and the numerical constants fixed.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The conformal Maxwell covariance and Einstein-tensor transformation identities of Four-dimensional conformal Maxwell covariance and Conformal Einstein tensor transformation, on the smooth Lorentzian geometry of Oriented Lorentzian fields, observers and coordinate conventions. The inherited geometric setup carries as in [A1].
A smooth positive conformal rescaling in four dimensions preserves the source-free Maxwell equations when and . (Four-dimensional conformal Maxwell covariance)
For and , the scalar curvature is , with and . (Conformal Einstein tensor transformation)
The metric-selected connection has the Christoffel formula . (Metric compatibility, torsion freedom and the metric-selected connection class)
The Einstein tensor is , so in four dimensions. (The Riemann curvature operator and the derived Ricci, scalar and Einstein tensors)
The Lorentzian spacetime is a smooth oriented and time-oriented four-manifold with arbitrary smooth real two-forms, so it admits the zero field on the stated domain. (Oriented Lorentzian fields, observers and coordinate conventions)
The coupled equation and quadratic tensor are those of Exact geometric electrovac normalization: at ; its quadratic definition gives for either metric.
The inherited choice assumption is Countable Choice , not full Choice. (The Axiom of Countable Choice ())
Counterexample
Given: with coordinates , Minkowski metric , standard orientation and time orientation, zero field and current, and . Choose a real with inverse-length units, and define and .
The constant components of have zero Christoffel symbols by [F3], hence zero curvature and by [F4]. Also , while [F5] admits , which satisfies both source-free Maxwell equations. Thus is an exact source-free electrovac solution.
For this , . Since the background connection is flat with constant coefficients, and ; because is spacelike, . The scalar-curvature formula [F2] therefore gives , which is nonzero at every point.
Maxwell remains satisfied because the field and current are still zero. If the rescaled pair solved the electrovac Einstein equation with , it would have ; tracing this equation and using [F4] would force , contradicting step 2.1. Hence conformal Maxwell covariance does not imply conformal electrovac Einstein covariance.
Coulomb field and geometric charge scale
Example
On the exterior region of oriented Minkowski four-space, use length coordinates and radial coordinate in metres. For a signed charge parameter in coulombs, consider the smooth Coulomb two-form whose only independent spherical component is
The singular source point is outside the domain; this example records no measurement or distributional source.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The positive conversion parameters and of SI and geometrized Einstein–Maxwell parameters, the Lorentzian coordinate convention of Oriented Lorentzian fields, observers and coordinate conventions, and the exact geometric electrovac normalization of Exact geometric electrovac normalization. The inherited geometric setup carries as in [A1].
The definitions give , , and . (SI and geometrized Einstein–Maxwell parameters)
The same two-form is rescaled by in the exact geometric Einstein normalization. (Exact geometric electrovac normalization)
The inherited choice assumption is Countable Choice , not full Choice. (The Axiom of Countable Choice ())
Verification
From [F1], . Since , this gives and hence ; the positivity assumptions justify taking the positive square root.
Multiplying the Coulomb component by and using the equality in step 1.1 yields . By [F2], this is the geometric charge coefficient in the exact normalized Einstein equation. The equality is valid only on and introduces no point-source solution at the excluded origin.
Sources
- David Tong, General Relativity, Cambridge Part III lecture notes, §4, author-hosted full-text HTML, conformal metric and Einstein–Maxwell equations
- Sean M. Carroll, Lecture Notes on General Relativity, arXiv:gr-qc/9712019v1, §§3.4–3.5, curvature contractions, and §7.2, charged Einstein–Maxwell fields
- BIPM, The International System of Units (SI Brochure), 9th edition, version 4.01, §2.3 and the ampere definition, printed pp. 124 and 129
- David Tong, General Relativity, Cambridge Part III lecture notes, §4, author-hosted full-text HTML, Maxwell normalization and electromagnetic stress
- Sean M. Carroll, Lecture Notes on General Relativity, arXiv:gr-qc/9712019v1, §§4.3–4.5 and 7.2, Maxwell equations and electromagnetic stress